Pheromone, the powerful chemical stimulant that draws women to men was earlier associated with animals other than man. But later studies and researches have revealed that it is also created and secreted by humans. In spite of its immense stimulating power, controversies regarding its origin and effect refuse to subside.

The reason for the skepticism was because of a brain structure called Jacobsen’s organ, or the vomeronasal organ (VNO). In lower animals, the VNO is the structure within the brain that senses pheromones. The VNO is located above the bones that form the roof of the nasal cavity and tubes pass from the nose into the VNO, capturing the chemical message carried in pheromones. Receptor cells in the VNO connect directly to a very basic part of the animal brain, bypassing all higher functions. The VNO is a sensory system that processes in parallel fashion to an animal’s sense of smell.

While scientists found the VNO in animal brains, no one could locate a similar structure within the human brain. So scientists reasoned that humans couldn’t have pheromones because they lacked the sensory organ for detecting them. In hindsight, this seems a little like insisting that there’s no WiFi if you don’t have a laptop computer, but it was accepted wisdom for many years.

However, in 1991, scientists proved that adult humans also have a VNO. They later proved that, after exposure to human pheromones, the VNO responds with electrical activity similar to that of other active brain structures. What they haven’t yet found is the existence of a parallel processing system similar to that in lower animals. Going back to the WiFi/laptop analogy, what seems to be still missing is a display, a way for humans to access the information that the wireless network supplies to the computer.

This confusion about the existence of the VNO is the reason that the understanding about human pheromones is relatively underdeveloped, compared to that of other species. It’s also the reason that many scientists continue to doubt that pheromones function in humans the way they do in other species: bypassing higher brain functions and plugging sensory data directly into the hormone-rich endocrine system.

The underdeveloped science about human pheromones is also the reason so much hype and so many misconceptions exist. In the absence of definitive proof to the opposite, anyone can claim anything about pheromones—and they might be right. They might also be wrong. There’s just no way to tell without more research.

The VNO controversy also explains another curious fact about pheromones. Researchers don’t seem to be able to agree on whether they have an aroma or not. If there’s no functional VNO in humans, then women must be responding to detectable aromas. The secretion of the apocrine glands—androstadienone—is odorless, but it quickly becomes aromatic through being converted into at least two other compounds: androstenol and androstenone. The effects on women of these two compounds are contradictory, though: androstenol heightens sexual arousal and androstenone is almost universally perceived as an unpleasant odor that creates a negative mood in women. This contradictory research leads to the question of whether there are one or more other compounds active that are not detectable by the olfactory sensory system. 

Nevertheless, evidence is mounting that pheromones impact the human endocrine (hormone) system in profound ways. Exposure to male pheromones causes hormone levels in women to rise in expected—and unexpected—ways. With or without a functional VNO and with or without being able to detect a pheromone fragrance, humans respond to pheromones.

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